Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases

Leukemia. Leukemic infiltration causes gingival enlargement and bleeding.

Addison's disease. Addison's disease causes mucosal hyperpigmentation.

Sjögren's syndrome. Sjögren's syndrome features xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

⭐ High-Yield Facts for Exam

Diabetes mellitus — periodontal disease, delayed healing, candidiasis, xerostomia.
Leukemia — gingival enlargement/infiltration, bleeding, ulceration.
Pernicious anemia (B12) — glossitis (beefy red tongue), burning.
Addison's disease — diffuse oral mucosal pigmentation.
Sjögren's syndrome — dry mouth + dry eyes (autoimmune exocrinopathy).
Crohn's — cobblestoning, aphthous-like ulcers.

Oral signs can be the first clue to undiagnosed systemic disease — correlate with history and labs.

Leukemia = gingival enlargement; Addison's = pigmentation; Sjögren's = dry mouth + eyes; B12 = glossitis.

Q1. Gingival enlargement/infiltration is a classic oral sign of:

A. Diabetes

B. Leukemia

C. Hypertension

D. Asthma

Show Answer

✅ Answer: B

Leukemic infiltration causes gingival enlargement and bleeding.

Q2. Diffuse oral mucosal pigmentation is associated with:

A. Addison's disease

B. Diabetes

C. Sjögren's

D. Crohn's

Show Answer

✅ Answer: A

Addison's disease causes mucosal hyperpigmentation.

Q3. Dry mouth plus dry eyes characterise:

A. Sjögren's syndrome

B. Diabetes insipidus

C. Leukemia

D. Pernicious anemia

Show Answer

✅ Answer: A

Sjögren's syndrome features xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

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